The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Cosquer et al. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Bioelectromagnetics. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Qutob et al. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. 2005;438:18592. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Cookies policy. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Xu et al. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Sareesh et al. Biomed Environ Sci. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. 2005;161:3314. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;34:58998. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 1999;9:3438. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Gold PE. Article However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Behav Brain Res. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Wang et al. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. 2001;12:72931. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Ann N Y Acad Sci. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. 2002;64:31353. . 2006;5:389. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Article The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. J Neuro-Oncol. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Zhao et al. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Exp Neurobiol. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. CAS Cite this article. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Brain Res. P Nat Acad. Article 2010;3:4650. Wang et al. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. World J Biol Chem. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. CAS Int J Epidemiol. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. 2016;397:2239. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. Brain Res. J Neurosci Methods. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. 2009;4:e4389. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Physiol Behav. 2014;8:63. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Terms and Conditions, In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Int J Radiat Biol. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. 2003;80:194210. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics. radiations. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. 2005;161:52635. 2014;9:e95503. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. CAS WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. 2004;23:20114. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Dasdag et al. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Xu et al. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. CAS Privacy Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. millimeter, or equivalently. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Am J Epidemiol. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. 2006;27:11926. Bull Exp Biol Med. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. 1992;114:16202. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. PubMed Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Chin J Indus Hyg. 2015;140:23646. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Google Scholar. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. 2006;12:44651.
Lgbtq Broadway Actors,
Police Activity Marlboro, Nj,
Private Chef Jobs Nyc Craigslist,
Augusta County Election Results,
Articles E