Impaired Gas exchange. Oxygen therapy will increase the supply of oxygen presently demanded by the body, Assist patient with ADLs as needed; Provide physical therapy exercises; Implement cardiac rehabilitation program and activity plan, These interventions will assist the patient with completing activities and will help to build the patients strength and endurance back to baseline, Using 3 pillows to sleep at night (increase from usual 1 pillow), Decreased activity level due to shortness of breath, Tachypneic, respiratory rate of 30 breaths/minute. Medical-surgical nursing: Concepts for interprofessional collaborative care. CRITICAL CARE NURSING CARE PLANS. Use a continuous pulse oximeter to monitor oxygen saturation. NURSING DIAGNOSIS -Pt will verbalize 4 benefits of wearing a CPAP machine at home when she sleeps. expansion and Because some food may cause patient to retain more fluid than others. respiratory rate q4hrs. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. He is also tachycardic and has a decreased oxygen saturation. Finally, on Friday, March 3, the IHS Markit Services PMI for February will be released. What nursing care plan book do you recommend helping you develop a nursing care plan? Compared to those with normal blood oxygen levels, those with hypoxemia had greater declines in 5-year quality of life. 2. These include identifying and addressing the reasons for impaired gas exchange. Manage Settings Assess the patients vital signs and characteristics of respirations at least every 4 hours. During history collection from pt, pt becomes short of breath and has to stop talking to catch her breath. -The nurse will consult with discharge planning to help patient obtain a CPAP machine that meets her expectations to wear at home. q2hrs. Identify the causative factors. It can lead to an inadequate amount of blood pumping out of the heart. This leads to excess or deficit of oxygen at the alveolar capillary membrane with impaired carbon dioxide elimination. Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange related to pus and fluid-filled alveoli secondary to pneumonia as evidenced by shortness of breath, skin pallor, cyanosis, wheeze upon auscultation, phlegm, oxygen saturation of 80%, hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness, and reduced activity tolerance. Monitor blood chemistry and arterial blood gases (ABG levels). Hypercapnia: What Is It and How Is It Treated? This step of the nursing process includes the systematic collection of all subjective and objective data about the client in which the nurse focuses holistically on the client- physical, psychological, emotional, sociocultural, and spiritual. Provide reassurance and assess for increased. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. A diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based on a variety of things, from symptoms to family history. The formatting isnt always important, and care plan formatting may vary among different nursing schools or medical jobs. Adhering to your treatment plan can help improve outlook and boost quality of life. intervention), TAKE ACTION Pt family member tells you that the patient has been sleeping constantly for 2 weeks. Your lungs are vital for providing your body with fresh oxygen while ridding it of carbon dioxide. Post fall alert In emphysema, the tiny air sacs in the lungs, called alveoli, become damaged. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 15.7 million people in the United States, or about 6.4 percent of the population, have COPD, making it the fourth leading cause of death in the United States in 2018. required for EACH During this process, oxygen enters the bloodstream while carbon dioxide is removed. RECOGNIZE CUES I was going to go with ineffective gas exchange, impaired swallowing, risk for infection ( he was on an infectious disease floor) and knowledge deficit. A 70 year old female presents from the ER to your PCU unit. There are two primary methods of detecting impaired gas exchange: In addition to these tests, in rare cases, a doctor may also perform a pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan (VQ scan) which compares airflow in your lungs to the amount of oxygen in your blood. All Rights Reserved. Vital Signs: BP 120/80, HR 80, O2 Sat 87% on room air, Temp. Assessments, Administering, #2 Sample Pulmonary Embolism Nursing Care Plan - Impaired gas exchange Nursing Assessment Subjective Data: The patient complains of fatigue, shortness of breath, and chest pain Objective Data: The patient's SPO2 is 89% on 4L nasal cannula His fingers and lips are cyanotic Right heart strain shown on EKG Nursing Diagnosis Diseases that affect the ability for blood to carry oxygen can also result in impaired gas exchange. Cognitive changes may occur with chronic hypoxia. The patient may be unable to cough the phlegm, therefore deep suctioning may be required. Assess the patients vital signs, especially the respiratory rate and depth. Ineffective gas exchange related to thick secretions as evidence by O2 saturation of 87% on room air, complaints of shortness of breath, and coughing up greenish to brown sputum. Patient exhibited dyspnea on ambulation from stretcher to bed. thefabulousmrst 22 Posts Specializes in NICU. Impaired gas exchange in COPD can cause symptoms like shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Impaired gas exchange occurs due to alveolar-capillary membrane changes, such as fluid shifts and fluid collection into interstitial space and alveoli. This can result in hypoventilation and stasis of secretions with subsequent impaired gas exchange, Prevent complications such as collapsed airway, Provide information about disease/prognosis, therapy needs, and prevention of recurrences, Auscultate breath sounds, noting crackles and wheezes, Measures to facilitate removal of pulmonary secretions such as suction, postural drainage, percussion and vibration, Consultation with appropriate health care providers if signs and symptoms worsen, Instructions on copying such as effective coughing, deep breathing, Diaphragmatic breathing technique to promote greater movement of the diaphragm and decreased use of accessory muscles, pursed lip-breathing technique to cause mild resistance to exhalation, which creates positive pressure in airways. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Buy on Amazon. Evidence: 8/10 pain, Elsevier. Head elevation and semi-Fowlers position help improve the expansion of the lungs, enabling the patient to breathe more effectively. All the contents on this site are for entertainment, informational, educational, and example purposes ONLY. Lab and Diagnostic work shows: WBC 30,000 and chest x-ray preliminary results show possible bilateral lower lobe pneumonia. What is the treatment for impaired gas exchange and COPD? What are the risk factors for developing impaired gas exchange and COPD? To reduce the risk of drying out the lungs. COPD is a group of lung conditions that make it hard to breathe. When you breathe out, the lungs deflate, pushing carbon dioxide up through your airways where it exits your body through your nose and mouth. Doenges, M.E., Moorhouse, M.F., & Murr, A.C. (2019). Get, Researchers say the 5-questionnaire screening tool called CAPTURE can help diagnose people with treatable COPD, although not all experts agree, Here are five pieces of advice to maintain optimal lung health and breathing capacity, from staying far away from cigarettes to adopting a consistent. To treat the underlying cause of the exudate-filled alveoli and inflammation in the lungs. Anti-pyretic drugs aim to reduce the bodys temperature levels. It occurs when the heart is unable to pump effectively and produce enough cardiac output to successfully perfuse the rest of the bodys tissues and organs. Powers KA, et al. In some individuals, such as those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), gas exchange can become impaired. The patient has a history of obstruction sleep apnea and states (when awake) she does not wear her CPAP machine at night because it is too loud. Lung disease can lead to severe abnormalities in blood gas composition.Because of the differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, impaired oxygen exchange is far more common than impaired carbon dioxide exchange. In clients with abnormal cardiac index, research suggests pulse oximeter measurements may exceed actual oxygen saturation by up to 7%. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The nurse notes dyspnea upon minimal excretion with position changes. MAKE A CHANGE IN THE We strive for 100% accuracy, but nursing procedures and state laws are constantly changing. Semi-Fowlers position will allow for optimal oxygen usage by the body. Encourage frequent (2020). When you breathe in these irritants over a long period of time, they can damage your lung tissue. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? What are nursing care plans? How do you develop a nursing care plan? PRACTICE (Rationale Interventions are classified into the following seven domains: family, behavioral, physiological, complex physiological, community, safety, and health system interventions. To improve the delivery of oxygen in the airways and to reduce shortness of breath and risk for airway collapse. It is also imperative that the nurse assesses the individuals airway and breathing status immediately and prioritizes this above any other nursing intervention. Desired Outcome: The patient will demonstrate adequate oxygenation as evidenced by reaching the prescribed target oxygen saturation and ABG levels. Based on these analyses, implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array, we will interrupt the test exactly when the dominating elementary mechanisms . changes in 2 part Risk Diagnosis, GENERATE SOLUTIONS (Symptoms) Verbalizes difficulty breathing Complains of feeling fatigued Reports a long history of tobacco use Reports having a cold for several weeks Objective Data: assessment, diagnostic tests, and lab values. Feelings of anxiousness can increase respiratory rate and cause difficulty breathing and should be avoided if possible. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compensatory measures. -The nurse will offer mouth care and fluids every 2 hours while the patient is on bipap. Decreasing oxygen saturation levels mean hypoxia. Kent BD, et al. Low ABG level . Treatment for hypercapnia involves noninvasive ventilation therapy, often called BiPAP, which is the name of a brand of ventilation therapy machine. Trendelenburg position places the head, lungs, and vital organs in a dependent position and increases blood flow and perfusion. C. Patient will have The patients lab work reveals an elevated BNP level of 954pg/mL and a chest x-ray shows pulmonary congestion. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. auscultation. PRIORITIZE HYPOTHESIS #shorts #anatomy. 1 Upright ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230177/, nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/, nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/how-lungs-work, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107696/, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/resp.12619, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547073/, bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-016-0331-0, COPD: How a 5-Question Screening Tool Can Help Diagnose Condition, 5 Ways to Keep Your Lungs Healthy and Strong, FEV1 and COPD: How to Interpret Your Results. Vital signs will Impaired Gas Exchange r/t ventilation-perfusion imbalance (atelectasis & anemia) aeb Hemoglobin level was 9 g, SaO2was 90%, Outcomes: The outcome of the plan of care is that by discharge Mrs. Moore will be able to move at least 1500 mL on the spirometer, have clear breath sounds bilaterally, have a SaO2 greater than 95%, be afebrile, and be able Abnormal Patients who suffer from chronic respiratory disorders can benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation training. Because gas exchange remains the main physiological abnormality assessed by the clinician, understanding the complexity of the factors at play remains a cornerstone in the management of ARDS. Short-term goal To increase oxygen saturation 92% prior to transfer from ED and admission to hospital floor unit Nursing Interventions with Rationales See our full, Important Disclosure: Please keep in mind that these care plans are listed for, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), IV Drug Use Complications & Dangers: (Endocarditis, Infection, Infectious Diseases). He is also now using 3 pillows to sleep at night instead of his usual 1 pillow, and he has experienced a 10-pound weight gain in 3 days. She began her career as a nursing assistant and has worked in acute care for nearly eight years. (relevant medical orders, comfort Hypercapnia happens when you have too much carbon dioxide in your bloodstream. Oxygen therapy needs to be carefully monitored, as it can worsen hypercapnia in some situations. Increased breathing effort is a sign of hypoxia. DIAGNOSIS : an American History (Eric Foner), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. 2023 nurseship.com. (1998). The following is how scoring is interpreted: All Rights Reserved. Frequent repositioning promotes drainage and movement of lung secretions. -The nurse will teach the patient 4 benefits of wearing a CPAP machine at home when she sleeps. Administer anti-pyretics as prescribed for high fever. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA As a nurse, you will either follow doctors' orders for nursing interventions or develop them yourself using evidence-based practice guidelines. (Subjective/Objective Data She takes the topics that the students are learning and expands on them to try to help with their understanding of the nursing process and help nursing students pass the NCLEX exams. Due to this, gas exchange cannot occur as efficiently. He reports over the past 3 days his shortness of breath, particularly with activity, has increased significantly. Diastolic heart failure means the heart is unable to relax fully between heartbeats and allows the appropriate amount of blood into the ventricle. A 63 year old female presents to the ER with complaints of shortness of breath on excretion and atypical chest pain. Fluid normally resides in the pleural space and acts as a lubricant for the pleural membranes to slide across one another when we breathe. Assess for changes in level of consciousness or activity level. problems. Smoking when you have COPD can make your condition worse and can contribute to an increased impairment in gas exchange. Monitor vital signs for oxygen saturation and changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or cardiac rhythm. SMART: Specific, Measurable, These are the tiny air sacs in your lungs where gas exchange occurs. positioning Etiology The most common cause for this condition is poor oxygen levels. Seventy-seven-year . It is important for nurses to understand the various symptoms a patient may present with when experiencing an acute exacerbation. To maintain adequate oxygen supply by delivering proper ventilation and oxygenation while allowing the lungs to heal. such as monitor, assess, observe or Nursing Interventions: Teach patient how to use incentive spirometer, pain medication to support deep breathing, ambulate 3x/day, encourage patient to cough/deep breathe, assess O2 saturation, assess lung sounds. Nursing diagnoses handbook: An evidence-based guide to planning care. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Individual parameters are scored. Mean NRS-11 values for itch went down from 5.14 2.08 (day 1) to 2.30 2.14 (day 6). Advertisementsif(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'nurseship_com-leader-4','ezslot_10',642,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-nurseship_com-leader-4-0'); Once the patients breathing status is stabilized the next likely task will be to diuresis the patient. 2) Impaired gas exchange 3) Anxiety/fear d. Planning and implementation/interventions (Interventions for ineffective airway clearance must be implemented before proceeding in the primary assessment [see Section II, Resuscitation]) e. Evaluation and ongoing monitoring (see Appendix B) 1) Airway patency 2. Refer the patient to a chest physiotherapist. This will reduce hypoxemia resulting in improved oxygen saturation and reduce dyspnea. Pt is oriented times 4 though. 2. High fever in pneumonia poses a risk for higher metabolic demands, alteration in cellular oxygenation, and higher oxygen consumption. Educate the patient in how to perform therapeutic breathing and coughing techniques. Cross), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. 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Urinary Tract Infection Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan, Impaired Skin Integrity Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan, Assess for lung sounds for indications of atelectasis. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Comer, S. and Sagel, B. If you want to view a video tutorial on how to construct a care plan in nursing school, please view the video below. ABGs were collected and the patients pCO2 74, pH 7.24, P02 55, HCO3 33.2. Oxygen therapy in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. IMPAIRED GAS EXCHANGE/SHORTNESS OF BREATH Subjective Data: Allergies: _____ Chief complaint: _____ Onset:_____ q New Onset Chronicq q Recurrence Severity of attack: Scale: (1-10)_____ Precipitating Factors: q Cold air Exercise Chemicalsq Respiratory infectionq Emotional situationsAir pollutants q q q . Desired Outcome: The patient will have improved oxygenation and will not show any signs of respiratory distress. We strive for 100% accuracy, but nursing procedures and state laws are constantly changing. Elevate the head of the bed to 20 30 degrees. Cardiovascular System Complains of chest pain that is worse when coughing. Respiratory effectiveness can be affected by chronic conditions that affect the lungs like chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Impaired Gas Exchange is a NANDA nursing diagnosis that is used for conditions where there is an alteration in the balance between the exchange of gases in the lungs. rest and promote a calm, Lung cancer patients who have undergone respiratory surgical procedures may show a difference in breath sounds upon auscultation: Post-pneumonectomy the operative side will show lack of air movement and consolidation, Post-lobectomy the remaining lobes will demonstrate normal airflow. Peripheral cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin, ear lobes, or nail beds) may be evident with hypoxemia. -Pt will be place on 2L O2 by nasal cannula per MD order for O2 saturation of less than 90%.-The nurse will demonstrate and verbalize how to use the incentive spirometer for effective oxygenation and airway clearance. -Pt will be free from any facial and mouth breakdown frombipap machine. NCLEX Review Care Plan for Ineffective Gas Exchange, Ineffective Airway Clearance, Pneumonia, COPD, Emphysema, & Common Cold The free nursing care plan example below includes the following conditions: Ineffective Gas Exchange, Ineffective Airway Clearance, Pneumonia, COPD, Emphysema, & Common Cold. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. E-Book Overview Managerial Communication, 5e by Geraldine Hynes focuses on skills and strategies that managers need in today's workplace. Subjective Data: "no smoking history, for three weeks prior to admission increasing difficulty with cough with thick white sputum, shortness of breath, and syncope associated with asthma. Ackley, B.J., Ladwig, G.B., Flynn-Makic, M.B., Martinez-Kratz, M.R., & Zanotti, M. (2020). EVALUATION, Pathophysiological process dyspnea, smoking 20 101.6. What are the symptoms of impaired gas exchange and COPD? To stabilize vital signs and maintain adequate oxygen saturation prior to transfer from ED to the hospital unit. Copyright 2022 SimpleNursing.com. Lab values and vital signs can also point to potential impaired gas exchange. Impaired gas exchange is a disruption of the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lung tissues. To limit activity to decrease oxygen demand while also increasing oxygen supply. Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes secondary to COPD as evidenced by oxygen saturation 79%, heart rate 112 bpm, and patient reports of dyspnea. The process of gas exchange, called diffusion, happens between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Otherwise, scroll down to view this completed care plan. When collecting primary subjective data, which is an appropriate source for the nurse to use? Saunders comprehensive review for the NCLEX-RN examination. For post-pneumonectomy patients, position the patient with good lung down, which means positioning on the non-operative side. Nursing Intervention: Plan to assess the patient respiratory function teaching pertinent to diagnosis), EVIDENCE NurseTogether.com does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The patient is to be admitted to the hospital for Acute Exacerbation of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). Desired Outcome: Within 1 hour of nursing interventions, the patient will have oxygen saturation of greater than 90%. THE OUTCOME OBJECTIVES). Patient exhibited dyspnea on ambulation from stretcher to bed. Oxygen from the air moves through the walls of the alveoli and enters into the bloodstream via tiny blood vessels called. limits. SUPPORTING consumption. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, such as: Impaired gas exchange is also characterized by hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Name this step. Copyright 2023 RegisteredNurseRN.com. Impaired Gas Exchange Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan Related Factors Physiological damage to the alveoli Circulatory compromise Lack of oxygen supply Insufficient availability of blood (carrier of oxygen) Subjective Data: patient's feelings, perceptions, and concerns. Concept Definition: Mechanisms that facilitate and impair oxygen transport to the cells and the removal of carbon dioxide from the cells of the body. Objective data: >wheezing upon inspiration and expiration >Acute shortness of breath >dyspnea . Registered Nurse, Free Care Plans, Free NCLEX Review, Nurse Salary, and much more. The client's self-reports. restlessness. pertinent only to the nursing Patient reports difficulty sleeping due to discomfort and pain. #shorts #anatomy. Acute exacerbations of this chronic condition can also be very common especially if an individual is not following or is unaware of the appropriate guidelines and recommendations. These capabilities provide timely, automated data measurement and control for service activities to accelerate response to market and operational change. VS: HR 85, BP 130/82, Temp 98.6, RR irregular 19. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, the impact of public health crises, including pandemics (such as the coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic) and epidemics and any related company or governmental policies or actions, the risk that our and Cimarex's businesses will not be integrated successfully, the risk that the cost . Systolic heart failure means the heart is not able to contract completely and affects its ability to pump blood out of the heart. Auscultate the lungs and monitor for wheezing or other abnormal breath sounds. Bronchodilators increase the delivery of oxygen by means of improving the dilation of small airways. Skidmore-Roth Publications. To optimise gas exchange, each sample will be collected after a 15-second breath hold . Impaired gas exchange occurs due to alveolar-capillary membrane changes, such as fluid shifts and fluid collection into interstitial space and alveoli. Impaired gas exchange related to fluid overload as evidenced by labored, tachypneic breathing, decreased oxygen saturation, crackles in lung fields, pitting edema, congestion on chest x-ray. facilitates It is vital to monitor patients admitted with congestive heart failure closely. These contents are not intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice or practice guidelines. Monitor the color of skin and mucous membrane. OUTCOMES How is impaired gas exchange and COPD diagnosed? (2011). These assessment findings are able to help the nurse critically think and identify a potential list of differential diagnoses prior to lab and imaging results becoming available. To increase activity level to patients baseline prior to discharge. Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange related to altered oxygen supply secondary to emphysema as evidenced by shortness of breath, wheeze upon auscultation, phlegm, oxygen saturation of 82%, restlessness, and reduced activity tolerance. The main assessment findings the nurse should be aware of for this patient begin with his vital signs, all of which are listed are abnormal. Three nursing diagnoses--ineffective breathing pattern (IBP), ineffective airway clearance (IAC), and impaired gas exchange (IGE)--were among the most frequently used, yet no reported clinical studies validated the defining characteristics of these diagnoses. Ncp on anemia - 2022 - S NURSING DIAGNOSIS SUBJECTIVE DATA OBJECTIVE DATA GOAL & PLANNING - Studocu 2022 s.no nursing diagnosis subjective data objective data goal planning implimentation rationale impaired gas exchange related to decreased hemoglobin level Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew Respiratory acidosis and hypoxemia are evidenced by increasing PaCO2 and decreasing PaO2. Reduced congestion will improve gas exchange. Pascoal LM, et al. Impaired Gas Exchange is a NANDA nursing diagnosis that is used for conditions where there is an alteration in the balance between the exchange of gases in the lungs. Desired Outcome: The patient will demonstrate adequate oxygenation as evidenced by an oxygen saturation within the target range set by the physician as well as normalized ABG levels. Encourage the patient to cough to expectorate phlegm. low partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, Neuromuscular conditions that cause fixation or weakening of the diaphragm, Assess cardiac function such as blood pressure and heart rate, Assess use of central nervous system depressants, Inspect dependent body areas for edema with and without pitting, Pitting edema is generally obvious only after 10lbs weight gain, Pulmonary edema may develop more rapidly, and immediate intervention is necessary, Use of central nervous system depressants may cause depression of respiratory center and cough reflex. Our website services and content are for informational purposes only. Click here to see a full list of Nursing Diagnoses related to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). How do you develop a nursing care plan? Client is free of symptoms of respiratory distress, Client participates in treatment regimen within level of ability and situation, stabilized fluid volume with balanced intake and output, Unlabored respirations at 12-20 breaths/min, Electrolytes: sudden fluid shifts may lead to sodium and potassium imbalance/deficiency, Engage in diaphragmatic and pursed lip breathing techniques. -Pt will list 3 signs and symptoms of high PCO2 level and when to notify her doctor. Impaired gas exchange can result from any condition that compromises a patients airway, blood flow, or respiratory effectiveness. This process is called gas exchange. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent.
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