Latin Americanist Research Resources Project. Causes of the Latin American Revolution. . 9.1 North America 9.2 Europe 9.3 Asia-Pacific 9.4 Latin America 9.5 Middle East and Africa 10 Future Forecast of the Global Business-Outcome-Driven Enterprise Architecture Consulting Software . In 1807 the Spanish king, Charles IV, granted passage through Spanish territory to Napoleons forces on their way to invade Portugal. When the Spanish crown entered into an alliance with France in 1795, it set off a series of developments that opened up economic and political distance between the Iberian countries and their American colonies. Distinct interests and long-standing resentment of the viceregal capital led different regions in the south to pursue separate destinies. In 1806 a British expeditionary force captured Buenos Aires. The outcome was a significant realignment of relations between elites and their social inferiors at the state level. With these figures of legitimate authority in his power, the French ruler tried to shatter Spanish independence. By the late 18th century, Spain was forced to loosen some trade restrictions, but the move was too little, too late, as those who produced these goods now demanded a fair price for them. The movements that liberated Spanish South America arose from opposite ends of the continent. The European empires and the US shunned it as a republic led by people of African descent. The link was not copied. Paraguay resisted Buenos Aires military and set out on a path of relative isolation from the outside world. Leaders in Latin America tended to shy away from the more socially radical European doctrines. Haiti and Latin America share many similarities including their revolutions. "Causes of the Latin American Revolution." There was a growing sense in the colonies of being separate from Spain. Serulnikov has a sharp eye for comparisons but also avoids getting too bogged down in details. Renata Keller draws on declassified Mexican and US intelligence sources and Cuban diplomatic records to challenge earlier interpretations that depicted Mexico as a peaceful haven and a weak neighbor forced to submit to US . Inhabitants of these colonies also chose to fight for independence. Jaishankar said that the Chair Summary outlined the concerns of the Global South and "it is just on two paragraphs that were not able to get everybody on the same page." Paragraphs three and four of the Outcome document were taken from the G20 Bali Leaders' Declaration and were agreed to by all member countries except Russia and China. The answer is long and complicated, but here are some of the essential causes of the Latin American Revolution. See answer (1) Best Answer. It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political . By 1815 Artigas and this force dominated Uruguay and had allied with other provinces to oppose Buenos Aires. The Spread of Revolution The Latin American Wars of Independence, which took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, were deeply influenced by the American and French Revolutions and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. By 1826, nearly all the Spanish colonies of the Americas had achieved independence. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. From there, troops under northern generals finally stamped out the last vestiges of loyalist resistance in Peru and Bolivia by 1826. In Mexico City and Montevideo caretaker governments were the work of loyal peninsular Spaniards eager to head off Creole threats. This includes revolutions that will lead to the United States, Haiti, Mexico, Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Bolivia, Peru, Equador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina. The main thrust of the southern independence forces met much greater success on the Pacific coast. In the Spanish colonies, which constituted the vast majority of Latin America, there was a rigid class hierarchy. 1. The French Revolution and the Latin American Wars of Independence are like the two sides of a coin. The Revolutions: American And Haitian By Laurent Dubois, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.29.19 Word Count 1,428 Level 1040L. Crime and Punishment in Industrial Britain, Advantages of North and South in Civil War, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Civil War Military Strategies of North and South, Environmental Effects of The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans in the Revolutionary War, Country or Countries Where They Contributed to Independence. Economic effect of the latin american revolution. The Latin American revolutions took place in the late 18th century and early 19th century. encompasses most of Central and South America and parts of the Caribbean. New Conquest History and the New Philology in Colonial Mes Nuns and Convents in Colonial Latin America, Paraguayan War (War of the Triple Alliance), Philippines Under Spanish Rule, 1571-1898, Photography in the History of Race and Nation, Popular Movements in 19th-Century Latin America, Portuguese-Spanish Interactions in Colonial South America, Pre-Revolutionary Mexico, State and Nation Formation in, Prints and the Circulation of Colonial Images, Revolution and Reaction in Central America, Science and Empire in the Iberian Atlantic, Science and Technology in Modern Latin America, Sexualities in Latin America and the Caribbean, Spanish Caribbean In The Colonial Period, The, Spanish Colonial Decorative Arts, 1500-1825, Sports in Latin America and the Caribbean, Telenovelas and Melodrama in Latin America, 19th Century and Modernismo Poetry in Spanish America, 20th-Century Mexico, Mass Media and Consumer Culture in, United States and Castro's Cuba in the Cold War, The, United States and the Guatemalan Revolution, The. He claimed to be fighting in the name of the King of Spain. In addition, revolts inspired by Tupac Amaru took place in what became Argentina, Chile, and Colombia. However, a liberal revolution in Portugal in 1822 challenged the rule of Portuguese King Dom Joo and forced him to set up a constitutional monarchy. Read More. The impact of Enlightenment ideas. The revolutions that took place in the United States, France, Haiti, and Latin America were all influenced by one another. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. However, the revolutions had less positive impacts. Gran Colombia was a union of the colonies of New Granada, the modern-day countries of Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela. A constituent assembly meeting in 1813 adopted a flag, anthem, and other symbols of national identity, but the apparent unity disintegrated soon afterward. The chaos in Spain provided a perfect excuse to rebel without committing treason. Answer (1 of 6): The formalized drive by the South American and Central American states to win independence from their Spanish and Portuguese overlords began in 1806 with the failed attempt by Francisco de Miranda to forge an independent Venezuela. Both Latin American revolutions and the American revolution were different in term of cause and the result it brought with it. Chichester, UK: Blackwell, 2008. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. Haiti's Little-Studied Role on the Other Latin American Revolutions. Fig 1 - Map showing the years of independence of nations in Latin America (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Latin_American_independence_countries.PNG) by Ricardomarins29 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Ricardomarins29) licensed under CC-BY-SA-3.0-migrated (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:CC-BY-SA-3.0-migrated). The independence of Latin America from Spain was a foregone conclusion as soon as the creoles began thinking of themselves as Americans and the Spaniards as something different from them. ThoughtCo, Apr. Upon the declaration of independence, the new government headed by Dom Pedro only had control in the areas around Rio de Janiero and So Paulo. The outcomes were different . The indigenous world and the word Indian, Conquest society in the central mainland areas, Institutional, legal, and intellectual developments, Spanish America in the age of the Bourbons, The north and the culmination of independence, Political models and the search for authority, Political and economic transitions, 185070, The United States and Latin America in the Cold War era, Latin America at the end of the 20th century. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Primary Accounts of the Rebellion and the Period, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Native Presence in Postconquest Central Peru. In 1807, Napoleon invaded Portugal forcing King Dom Joo VI to flee to Brazil with the royal family. Tupac Amaru became a hero in Peru. Simn Bolvar, who had emerged as an important military leader, fled to exile in Jamaica and Haiti. While slavery was usually ended during or in the years that followed independence, racist class structures remained, with those of African and indigenous descent remaining largely disadvantaged even if they had gained technical legal equality. Markham, Clements. Preference for continued colonial rule over the possibility of social revolution like in Haiti helped prevent white Creole elites from fully backing independence, even as some did engage in rebellion in the 1860s and 70s. By siding with France, Spain pitted itself against England, the dominant sea power of the period, which used its naval forces to reduce and eventually cut communications between Spain and the Americas. Meanwhile, for the largely disadvantaged peoples of mixed race as well as the indigenous and free peoples of African descent, desires for legal equality prompted many to join the cause of independence once the Latin American Revolutions got underway. Internal political divisions between liberal and conservative and centralist and federalists political factions. Yet the Creoles who participated in the new Cortes were denied equal representation. Cartoon, 1847. Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru. One of the main . The rebellion began in November 1780 when Tupac Amaru seized and executed a local authority, the corregidor Antonio Arriaga. Britain, France, and Spain were all significantly affected by the American Revolutionary War, which would, in turn, affect large portions of the globe. On September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo raised the banner of the Latin American revolution when he issued his Grito de Dolores, calling for revolt in the small town of Dolores. One short term outcome occurred when the church land was sold and then afterwards, the Pope had to fight for his religious views and places back. The term Latin America is used to describe the areas of the Americas where languages that developed from Latin are spoken, namely Spanish, Portuguese, and French. See a bit more about the effects of the Latin American Revolutions here. Copy. Panama late gained independence from Colombia in 1903. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The Tupamaro (Uruguay) and MRTA (Peru) guerrilla groups as well as the rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur are named after him. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. Even if Spain had agreed to these changes, they would have created a more powerful, wealthy colonial elite with experience in administering their home regionsa road that also would have led directly to independence. -is the economic impact World War 1 had on Latin America. He took Lima, but royalist forces remained fortified in Cuzco. From the late 1940s to the 1960s, the Polish Argentine Boleslao Lewin, a Jewish refugee of Hitlers Europe, wrote profound and sympathetic accounts. New men were able to enter public life, both as voters and as elected officials. General Jos de San Martn led an army named the Army of the Andes to defeat them. Social effects of the latinAmerican revolution. Although all this is true the outcomes were different because the American Revolution was mainly focused on gaining independence while the French revolutions The common people of France wanted to get rid of the French monarchy, the lower classes wanted to enforce equality rather than having the nobles and . The British take Charleston, S.C., capture a large patriot army, and deal the rebels one of their worst defeats of the war. Many men and women who would have otherwise supported the royalist side now joined the insurgents. Its task, however, was formidable. Although these nations had revolutions, not all of them led to freedom. Death Year: 1830. However, those profits merely whetted those Creoles appetites for greater free trade than the Bourbons were willing to grant. Fig 7 - Painting depicting the Battle of Boyac. These more recent overviews build on the wave of studies and published primary sources that have appeared since the late 1960s. In which John Green talks about the many revolutions of Latin America in the 19th century. For example, it was much easier for the Americans to gain independence than the Latin Americans because of the unity they manage to take and keep despite the discontent each colonist had against each other . This book is a history of the Cold War in Mexico, and Mexico in the Cold War. A refugee from Nazi Europe to Argentina, Lewin makes parallels between the rebellions defeat and the Holocaust. 1. not portugal. Tupac Amaru organized his indigenous followers and attacked other corregidors, ransacked haciendas, and razed the hated obrajes, or textile mills. The struggles that produced independence in the south began even before Napoleons invasion of Portugal and Spain. They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others. What two island colonies did not get independence around the same time as the rest of Spanish America? Fig 3 - Painting by Francsico de Goya depicting the occupatoin of Spain by French armies. He led an army that included many mestizos and indigenous peoples against royalist forces but was captured in March 1811 and executed in June. To further muddle things up, Spanish law allowed wealthy people of mixed heritage to "buy" whiteness and thus rise in a society that did not want to see their status change. Fisher 1966 provided a concise overview while Elmore 2008, Serulnikov 2013, and Walker 2014 present broader interpretations. "Causes of the Latin American Revolution." American Revolution, also called United States War of Independence or American Revolutionary War, (1775-83), insurrection by which 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. The American Revolutionary War took place in thirteen colonies, in North America, an ocean away from its ruling monarchy in Great Britain, in Europe. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. https://www.thoughtco.com/latin-america-causes-of-independence-2136120 (accessed March 5, 2023). Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Here is how the story went: Social Classes. With a weak ruler and the Spanish military tied up, Spain's presence in the New World decreased markedly and the Creoles felt more ignored than ever. By 1826, all of its colonies besides Cuba and Puerto Rico were independent. In 1788, Charles III of Spain, a competent ruler, died, and his son Charles IV took over. At most, foreign ideas helped foster a more questioning attitude toward traditional institutions and authority. Meanwhile, Spanish officials and newcomers consistently treated Creoles with disdain, maintaining and further widening the social gap between them. As British settlers began to colonize . Those who resisted Napoleon in Spain begged the colonials for help but refused to promise to reduce trade restrictions if they won. Still, these ideas were not, strictly speaking, causes of independence. American Revolution contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in America between 1763 and 1789. The viceroy of Peru managed to keep control over Chile, Peru, and Bolivia for the moment, although it faced resistance from local rebellions and expeditions from Buenos Aires. From the north came the movement led most famously by Simn Bolvar, a dynamic figure known as the Liberator. Below them were the Creoles, or criollos in Spanish. Sociedad colonial y sublevaciones populares: Tupac Amaru II-1780. Chile declared itself an independent republic in February 1818. In a daring move, Bolvar marched his army across the flooded llanos, the plains of southern Venezuela and Colombia during the rainy season, then climbed into the Andes to surprise the Spanish forces at the Battle of Boyac close to Bogot in August 1919. The impact of the French Revolution on the Latin American Revolutions' causes is hard to understate. The last remnants of royalist forces were defeated by 1826. He became even more famous in 1968 when General Velasco Alvarados military regime made Tupac Amaru its icon. In 1810 a Cortes (Parliament) emerged in Cdiz to represent both Spain and Spanish America. Some were a positive influence: The American Revolution (17651783) was seen by many in South America as a good example of elite leaders of colonies throwing off European rule and replacing it with a more fair and democratic societylater, some constitutions of new republics borrowed heavily from the U.S. Constitution. However, in 1821, he decided to support independence in reaction to a liberal constitution adopted in Spain. Over the first few decades of the 19th century, nearly all of Latin America became independent. Fig 6 - Painting depicting a battle of the Haitian Revolution. See key events in the Latin American Revolution timeline below. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro with some 15,000 officials, nobles, and other members of his court, John transformed the Brazilian colony into the administrative centre of his empire. Death date . After the Haitian Revolution, Cuba became the dominant sugar producing colony, and mass numbers of African slaves were brought to the island. This plan included what were called the Three Guarantees: This plan was a compromise that granted citizenship to people of mixed and indigenous ancestry but also maintained the favored position of people of European descent. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. He was captured and killed, and Haiti was beset by internal conflict and a series of civil wars for decades after independence. This remained the situation when Fernando returned to power in Spain. Fig 5 - Painting depicting Jos de San Martn crossing the Andes Mountains. After Spanish and French naval forces were crushed at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, Spain's ability to control the colonies lessened even more. The royalists received important reinforcements from Lima in early January. But the colonies were only allowed to trade with Spain, and at rates advantageous for Spanish merchants. Create and find flashcards in record time. What modern-day countries were part of the colony of New Granada? Experiments in self-government during the French occupation of Spain by Napoleon prompted moves for full independence. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/latin-america-causes-of-independence-2136120. Cuba and Puerto Rico did not become independent during the period where most Latin American Revolutions occurred. While the Spanish had at first been Napoleon's ally, in 1808, he turned on them and removed King Fernando VII, replacing him with his brother. Creole participants in conspiracies against Portugal and Spain at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century showed familiarity with such European Enlightenment thinkers as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The Latin American Revolutions causes included the division between Creoles and Peninsulares as well as the impact of the French Revolution on the monarchies of Spain and Portugal. This half-measure was much more palatable to those who did not want to declare independence outright. He at first reasserted himself as an absolute monarch. The exhausted rebel leaders signed an armistice in early 1783, but hardline royalists broke the treaty and executed Diego Cristbal in even more horrific fashion than Tupac Amaru and Micaela Bastidas. From the start Buenos Aires intention of bringing all the former viceregal territories under its control set off waves of discord in the outlying provinces. In the American Revolution, the colonist leaders obeyed the will of the citizens, not vice versa. Of all of the factors listed above, the most important is probablyNapoleon's invasion of Spain. Minster, Christopher. Cuba was given independence, but with limits on its sovereignty that helped contribute to the Cuban Revolution decades later. 2. spain. The new government in Portugal demanded a return to colonial status and subservience for Brazil. May 12, 1780. What is Latin American revolution? By the end of the eighteenth century, the visiting Prussian scientist Alexander Von Humboldt (17691859) noted that the locals preferred to be called Americans rather than Spaniards. Have all your study materials in one place. French troops invaded countries such as Spain and the Holy Roman Empire; the latter ceased to exist as a result of French occupation. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. San Martn came to Argentina in 1812 and joined the independence forces. Presented by Brown University. These were people of pure-blood Spanish descent that were born in the colonies. By late 1822, he was facing rebellion from republican opposition. The American War of Independence, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the many revolutions of Latin America were connected through networks of ideas, trade, and global events that rocked the world over a few dramatic decades. Some Spanish officials must have realized this and so the decision was taken to squeeze the utmost out of the colonial system before it collapsed. In Haiti, Jacques Dessalines, who declared the country independent, faced internal opposition to his rule. ThoughtCo. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. Uruguay, an area of dispute between Brazil and the United Provinces became an independent state in 1828. French forces under Napoleon declared him a traitor, captured, and imprisoned him. The Charleston move is part of a broader British strategy to hang on to the southern colonies, at least, now that the war is stalemated in Pennsylvania and New York. 3. el libertador. What were the 3 main causes of the Latin American revolution? In most cases, Latin American Revolutions were led by Creoles. The extensive Spanish colonies in North, Central and South America (which included half of South America, present-day Mexico, Florida, islands in the Caribbean and the southwestern United States) declared independence from Spanish rule in the early nineteenth century and by the turn of the twentieth century, the hundreds of years of the Spanish . Louverture emerged as the leader of the slave rebellion in Haiti. The United Provinces later changed their name to Argentina. Many independence leaders were executed. Perhaps the most important immediate consequence of declaring independence was the creation of state constitutions in 1776 and 1777. However, in September 1822, San Martn withdrew from the war, which was stuck in stalemate. Independence in the former Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata, however, encountered grave difficulties in the years after 1810. Ask an Expert. In Colombia, conflicting views over a new governing structure led to fighting between Bogot and the provinces that declared themselves free states like Cartagena, even while they simultaneously fought royalist forces. Edited by Sara Castro-Klaren, 213227. The rebellion became more of a caste or total war as neither side took prisoners. Will you pass the quiz? Other . These contributions broadened the analysis, incorporating more theoretical and comparative approaches. Expert Answers. Although shielding itself with a pretense of loyalty to Ferdinand, the junta produced by that session marked the end of Spanish rule in Buenos Aires and its hinterland. The impetus for the independence was accelerated. The Haitian Revolution and The American Revolution were similar and different in many ways. Learn about the Creoles and the Latin American Revolutions' causes, their events, the most important Latin American Revolutionary leaders, and the Latin American Revolutions' effects here. The most lasting impact of the Latin American revolutions was the establishment of independent nation states in most of Central and South America. These social revolutions entailed a substantial, violent, and voluntarist struggle for political power and the overthrow of the established . Centered in southern Peru, from Cuzco to Lake Titicaca, it also allied with the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru (Bolivia). An early radical liberal government dominated by Mariano Moreno gave way to a series of triumvirates and supreme directors. Transforming these early initiatives into a break with Spanish control required tremendous sacrifice. . The Haitian and Mexican revolutions are moderately similar in that they fought for independence with multiple leaders, slavery was abolished in both; however, Haiti experienced debt and Mexico resulted in little social change. The revolutionary hero Simon Bolivar is a good example, as he was born in Caracas to a well-to-do Creole family that had lived in Venezuela for four generations, but as a rule, did not intermarry with the locals. The effort only served to harden the position of Creole rebels. He crossed the Andes into Chile, defeating most royalist resistance there by mid-1818. Jacques Dessalines, a lieutenant of Louveture took up the fight and declared the full independence of Haiti on January 1, 1804. His wife, Micaela Bastidas, was an important commander in the uprising, overseeing the rebel base in Pampamarca and logistics. Lewin, Boleslao. Final destruction of loyalist resistance in the highlands required the entrance of northern armies. During that time, ten Spaniards and four Creoles from other areas did serve. There are two main Latin American revolution causes: the impact of the French Revolution and resentment at the political structure of colonial rule. Q. Revolutions in Latin America were influenced by. The outcomes of independence movements in Haiti and the Spanish Americas were similar because they both ended successfully and with independence from the colonizing nation, a difference however was that in Haiti the revolution ended with a complete social overhaul and . The differences can be recognized by analyzing how the common inspiration led to the production of diverse outcomes within the countries of France and America. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolution, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. In addition to Cuba, the Spanish-American War also netted the US Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. He led an army that conquered some areas of south and central Mexico but failed to take Mexico City before he was captured and executed. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. A digital collection of Latin American travel accounts written in the 16th-19th centuries. Paraguay declared independence in 1811. Everything you need for your studies in one place. The events he described are over two hundred years ago yet the term "Haitian Revolution" has been used only in the past few decades. He focused on the years 1776, 1789, 1804. The year 1814 saw the restoration of Ferdinand to the throne and with it the energetic attempt to reestablish Spanish imperial power in the Americas. In the early hours of February 12, 1817, Argentine revolutionary Jos de San Martn leads his troops down the slopes of the Andes Mountains towards the Spanish forces defending Chile.