Most individuals develop a clear understanding of their language's structure, as well as a large vocabulary, during. Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's _____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing _____ abilities. Five-year old Jordan is seeing a speech therapist in his preschool once a week because he has difficulty saying the "r" sound in his own name. These mental shortcuts are typically informed by our past experiences and allow us to act quickly. Implicit memory includes procedural memory and things learned through conditioning. The less likely that person will succeed in an academic setting. When this happens, your brain automatically activates the firefighter schema and begins making assumptions that this person is brave, selfless, and community-oriented. Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. The cognitive universalism theory states that: Why do people use heuristics quizlet? He travels several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences. So you have worked hard to encode (via effortful processing) and store some important information for your upcoming final exam. It feels almost impossible to walk in and not face the door. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees, Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work, Human Factors Psychology and Workplace Design, Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present, Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: A Special Case, The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization. Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory storage capacity is believed to be unlimited. People who are gifted have an IQ of Which of the following statements is true of the development of the brain in humans? Both can be useful when problem-solving, but it is important to understand the differences between them. The reason people are more likely to come up with plate after reading about a picnic is that plate is associated (linked) with picnic. In the context of loss aversion, identify the true statement about sunk-cost fallacy. If, however, youve lived your whole life on the island of Saint Vincent in the Caribbean, you may never have actually seen snow, much less tasted, smelled, or touched it. A. confirmation bias. b. divergent thinking. For example, while it is quite common for people to greet one another with a handshake in the United States, in Tibet, you greet someone by sticking your tongue out at them, and in Belize, you bump fists (Cairns Regional Council, n.d.). accident and has suffered brain damage that has severely limited mental functioning, The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of ________ intelligence. Our brains take the encoded information and place it in storage. moment. Which of the following describes how algorithms are useful? The brain is endlessly perceiving, processing, planning, organizing, and rememberingit is always active. We encode the sounds the words make. d. means-end analysis. It was first demonstrated by William Bousfield (1935) in an experiment in which he asked people to memorize words. D. 100. Can you remember every event you have experienced over the course of your lifemeals, conversations, clothing choices, weather conditions, and so on? a. Similarly, when you first learned to drive, you probably thought about a lot of things that you just do now without much thought. B. followed the fixation technique to solve the problem. how long ago the event takes place. They take a step-by-step approach to performing a task. An algorithm is a software used to compute numbers. Implicit memories are long-term memories that are not part of our consciousness. In the process, your brain gathers details that inform and refine your understanding of related concepts like democracy, power, and freedom. b. is present in all animals and helps them learn symbols for language. In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray made the unfounded claim that: c. a picture-like image. B. Concepts prevent us from generalizing. OLE CA Computer Science & Applications 12965. A company uses a spreadsheet to prepare its statement of cash flows. D. 70 or lower. c. visual-spatial processing. a. thought processes and concepts are controlled by language. Semantic encoding involves a deeper level of processing than the shallower visual or acoustic encoding. _____ involves the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems. A. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. 1999-2023, Rice University. a. a mental set. The human nervous system is capable of handling endless streams of information. a. smoothie B. refers to the ability to yield a consistent result to what it is intended to measure. a. culture does not A person with an IQ over 145 may be best categorized as: Wechsler's four index scales are verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and: Gardner believes that reason, logic, and knowledge are: d. apple, ________ is the ability to adapt and deal with new problems or challenges the first time you encounter them. cannot make NEW memories, information does not pass from ST memory to be stores in LT Memory, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. C. subgoaling. C. inductive reasoning. b. use symbols; think Recall is what we most often think about when we talk about memory retrieval: it means you can access information without cues. b. consciousness and intuition. d. is the latest technology in teaching deaf people to talk. nondeclarative (implicit) memory. d. 100, ________, which is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability. Now, unscramble the following letters to make a word. Their model of human memory (Figure 8.4), called Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, is based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes information. answer choices The process of assigning value to a variable. words merely reflect rather than cause the way we think. Concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. The use of artificial concepts to define an idea is crucial to communicating with others and engaging in complex thought. Brainstorming is an example of They love going into nature, spreading a blanket on the ground, and eating a delicious meal. c. Psychology is not considered a science, but is a form of sociology. To see how visual encoding works, read over this list of words: car, level, dog, truth, book, value. They are initial goals that put the individual in a better position for reaching a final solution. D. The availability heuristic, Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker? We cannot absorb all of it, or even most of it. refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage? Which of the following is TRUE of algorithms? B. ignore all the subgoals created by him during the problem-solving process. a. one A. the child's IQ is average. Which of the three types of encoding do you think would give you the best memory of verbal information? C. functional fixedness. B. We organize the information with other similar information and connect new concepts to existing concepts. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. First, the doors open and you wait to let exiting passengers leave the elevator car. C. all scores are around the average score. A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem. C. Selection bias Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain? b. The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood. (credit: Robert Couse-Baker). Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. c. an availability heuristic b. emotional intelligence. D. speed of processing. When the solution to a problem suddenly comes to mind, it is called: 6 Q A stream cipher is a type of algorithm that encrypts a group of bits collectively as blocks. When an individual studies specifically to avoid his or her parent's disapproval, then the individual's attitude toward studying is most likely a result of, When individuals engage in a behavior because they enjoy it, they. d. learning and developmental delay. It encompasses all the things you can remember that happened more than just a few minutes ago. For example, before learning the concept of area of a square (and the formula to find it), you must understand what a square is. c. make sounds; dream more vividly c. mental sets. Marjorie took a personality test in April. PRNGs attempt to create numbers that are as random as possible. According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's. We are constantly bombarded with sensory information. Most adults reach their peak physical development during their, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational. (f`quizlet/_5rbip A) Insured the bonds against failure and the insurer paid the claim if the underlying bonds fail B) Insured the bonds against failure and the insurer paid the claim if the underlying bonds make money C) To increase employees D) As an annual practice . D. divergent thinking but not in convergent thinking. ________ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. D. employ heuristics rather than algorithms as the problem-solving strategy. a. accurately determine IQ. If you did, you probably have associated peanut butter and jelly in your mind. Creative intelligence is related to: B. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. The process of taking out unnecessary details from problems. Which of the following statements is true of subgoals? What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? In this instance, the doctor would instead rely on their expertise and past experiences to very quickly choose what they feel is the right treatment approach. d. two, You're asked to come up with a new slogan for your school's Psychology Club. The concept of episodic memory was first proposed about in the 1970s (Tulving, 1972). The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is: c. means-end analysis. When you read the words car, dog, and book you created images of these things in your mind. A prototype is the best example or representation of a concept. b. heuristic devices. According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require bodily kinesthetic intelligence? A mechanical problem-solving technique is also referred to as: Processing speed Gardner believes that reason, logic, and knowledge are: a. the same ability. Strategies to stimulate divergent thinking. Psychologists would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as. Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two. When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on recognition to help you choose the correct answer. d. And when youre riding in a crowded elevator and you cant face the front, it feels uncomfortable, doesnt it? It is illustrated when psychologists and other scientists use theories to make predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations. B. Abstract symbols on a keyboard and making some sounds, Piaget theorized that _____ preceded and aided the development of ______. After participants were presented with the words and questions, they were given an unexpected recall or recognition task. Words that had been encoded semantically were better remembered than those encoded visually or acoustically. You might perform this script two or three times each day. B. confirmation bias What are the most effective ways to ensure that important memories are well encoded? In this case, Monique has C. finding and framing the problem C. the representativeness heuristic Concepts can be complex and abstract, like justice, or more concrete, like types of birds. IQ is assumed to be normally distributed with a mean IQ of 100 and a typical standard deviation of about: 10. c. logical/mathematical intelligence. Usually, episodic memory is reported as a story. determine the nearest neighbors of each of the data. A. descriptive reasoning. Read our, Overview of the Problem-Solving Mental Process, The Psychology of Decision-Making Strategies, How to Increase Your Mental Agility With Dr. Elaine Fox, The Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development, Learning Styles Based on Jung's Theory of Personality, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, An algorithm for determining use of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, Fast or frugal, but not both: decision heuristics under time pressure, The method a search engine uses to find information on the internet, Instructions for how to assemble a bicycle, Instructions for how to solve a Rubik's cube. As we continue to examine thinking, keep in mind how powerful the forces of concepts and schemata are to our understanding of the world. d. trial and error, The ________ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory. Which of the following statements are true of algorithms? OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. A. grasping the deeper meaning of ideas By following an algorithm, you can ensure that you will arrive at the correct answer to each problem. They are motivated more externally than internally. A. most scores are around the average score. A. autistic. When you first learn new skills such as driving a car, you have to put forth effort and attention to encode information about how to start a car, how to brake, how to handle a turn, and so on. c. 30 Arrows then branch off from each step to point to possible directions that you may take to solve the problem. b. four _______ believed that concepts become the "pegs" from which words are "hung." A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory. The options that are true about algorithms include: Produce a result Have clear instructions Stop in a finite amount of time Operations that can be done by a computer Have an order. It is generally accepted that memories are organized in semantic (or associative) networks (Collins & Loftus, 1975). b. a dictionary-like entry. That song's effect could be an implicit emotional memory (Yang, Xu, Du, Shi, & Fang, 2011).